• Duome Russian
• Russian for everyone developed by Dr. Julia Rochtchina at University of Victoria in Canada (with insecure search)
  • Sputnik Textbook
• Ready Russian
• 6 Cases: NAGDIP -> free about words order
• estq (there is), net (there isn't)

Exception Rules

• the 7: g, k, h, zh, ch, sh, w -{consonant, a}-i
  • never write y behind g, k, h, zh, ch, sh, w.
  • kollegi, tuchi.
• the 5
  • never write ja behind zh, ch, sh, w and {consonants}.
• the 4 - zh, ch, sh, w (hushes, overlapped in both rules above)
• muha (fly), polotenca (towel) @@

Dashing scheme

• The last dash is only used for the ending
• ~ is remove the ending in the declension of the original word (usually the nominative case)
• : is the original ending the word
• one - is the ending
• plurals are all based of the dictionary form

Personal Pronouns

Forms of Pronouns

Possessive Pronouns

Nouns

• Russian Nouns have 3 genders: {m}, {f},
• easily differentiable for different genders by the last letter

Adjectives

• before the nouns, different from Spanish grammar, French grammar,

Stems

Hard stems and soft stems

• hard stems ends in a hard consonant, pattern ha, o, u, e, y, qh, hc (l, n, s, r, t, ...).
• soft stems ends in a soft consonant, pattern sya, yo, yu, ye, i, j, q.

Cases endings

Cases Summary with word endings

• All cases change from the nominative singular base from their counterparts, like from singular to singular or plural

• Soft variants of all endings are in parenthesis

Case usage

Summary of Case usage

• n
  • subject of the sentence;
  • predicate complement (any word that is the subject)
• a
  • direct object to answer chto (what)? or kogo (whom)?;
  • after position v and na to answer kuda (where)?;
  • some expressions of time, v weekday to answer korda (when)?
• g
  • after prep. u to say "have";
  • after u to say "at someone is place";
  • after vozle
  • connect with net to indicate absence or nonexistence;
  • indicate possession;
  • translate expressions like "map of Russia", after numbers dva/dve, tri, chetyre - must use genitive singular; after numbers 5-20, 25-30, etc, plural must be used
• d
  • indirect object to answer komu (to whom)?;
  • express age; after preposition po;
  • express necessity and possibility: nuzhno, nado, mozhno, nelqzja, nevozmozhno, trudno, legko);
• i
  • after the preposition s;
  • translate the English phrase (someone and I);
  • express the means, manner, or agent, by which an action is performed, no preposition is used.
• p
  • only case always with a preposition;
  • after the preposition v to indicate location, answer gde (where)?;
  • after the preposition o (about).

Nominative case

• The subject of a sentence, also the dictionary form

Nominative singular

• exceptions in nmh: papa, djadja (uncle), dedushka (grandfather), muzhchina (man), kofe (coffee), and many men is nicknames.
• {nf}q labeled as f. or zh. in dictionaries, dverq, myshq (mouse), loshadq (horse), novostq (news), plowadq (square).

Nominative plurals

• Form plurals of nominative cases

• irregular: jabloki {nnph}~o-i.

Nominative Adjectives

Accusative case

• The object of a sentence, depending on whether it is an animate noun (something alive, e,g. person, animal, mythical creatures, not plants) or an inanimate nouns (non-living object)
• the direct object answers the question chto (what?) or kogo (whom?)
  • on chitaet chto? gazetu.
• an intransitive verb cannot take a direct object by definition; not mutually exclusive from transitive ones
  • on zhivyot gde? v moskve ({pfh}~a-e).

Accusative Adjectives

Form plurals of accusative cases

• inanimate nouns
• animate nouns

Genitive case

• show possession for "of" or "some" or "any" in some cases, possessor in genitive case always follows the object it possesses.
• ot & iz used with genitive cases
• Sentence structure
  • u menja estq mashina - genitive + nominative
  • u menja net mashiny - genitive + genitive; net is the negated ne estq and is always followed by a genitive
  • u preposition always followed by a genitive
• Ready Russian - count things
  • Learn Russian Step by Step regardless of gender
  • one + nominative case singular - odin vopros (one question {m})
  • a few (2-4) + genitive case singular - chetyre volrosa (4 questions {gm}-a)
  • 5 or more + genitive plural - genitive plural - shestq volrosov (6 questions {gphc}-ov)
• commonly used after negation

Genitive Case for Plurals - irregular drug (friend) -> druzej.

• Fleeting vowels - if a word ends in a double consonant, it is common for a vowel to be inserted for easy pronunciation
  • marka -> marok
  • okno ->okon
  • anglichanka -> anglichanok
  • devushka -> devushek
  • ochki -> ochkov.

Genitive Adjectives Singular

Dative case

• The indirect object - somebody in "give something to somebody".

Dative Adjectives

Instrumental Case

• indicate how something is done (as a means), by, with; we went there by car.

• {in}~mja-menem
• if a noun starts with a group of consonants, the preposition s turns into so.
  • so stolom, so vremenem .

Instrumental Adjectives

Prepositional Case

• used with prepositions - ja dumaju o knige (think about the book)

• Prepositional Adjectives
• o (about), v (in), na (at)

Adverbs

• usually before the verbs @@ and the negation
• pronouns can be inversed before adverbs.
• seems can be reordered sometimes

Verbs

• be verbs do not link with prepositions like dlja @@?

Like

• nravit isja (base form) - the pleasing (liked) thing is in the nominative case, and the person who likes it is in the dative case.
• ljubitq (followed by the accusative case of the thing or the person loved)

Prepositions

• na (to, in)
• v (to, in)